Analyzing a disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analyzing a disaster - Essay Example ress the various aspects of risk; indicatively, risk theorists have referred to risk as an indication of ‘moral hazard or conflict of interest’ (Roy, 2008, 122); from another point of view, emphasis is given on the emergent character of risk (Guerden, 2003, 78) – in terms that if there is no appropriate plan of action the occurrence of a disaster can lead to severe damages. Current paper focuses on the examination of risk management in banks; a specific part of these businesses’ activities is examined – the management of personal data of customers. It is proved that the risk involved in the management of customers’ data in banks can be significant; however, with the implementation of appropriate policies this risk can be limited – the use of risk management cycle for the control of risk involved in the management of personal data of customers in banks has been proved to be the most appropriate solution for addressing the specific proble m. Relevant literature is also used in order to highlight the various aspects of risk in the specific sector but also to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management cycle in relation with the specific business sector. The management of data in banks is a demanding task; the management of personal data of customers – which is the issue under examination – often fails to meet all the standards set by the principles and rules governing the specific sector. The above failure is usually related with the high cost of systems required for the effective administration of the specific business activity; however, if appropriate risk management plans are implemented in advance the risk related with the management of data in banks is minimized. Quite often, personal data of customers are lost during the transactions developed in financial institutions – often the personal data of customers are lost even if no transaction takes place – i.e. while being stored in a bank’s database; therefore, the use of risk management

Gothic architecture and romanesque architecture Essay Example for Free

Gothic architecture and romanesque architecture Essay Gothic Style is the most fascinating and mysterious architectural era the world has seen. These large structures of the 11th through the 16th centuries, that are considered to be of Gothic Style, are simply glorious. Throughout the centuries, beautiful medieval cathedrals have been towering above every building and till this day, still survive with their astonishing appearance. The edifices built during the so-called Gothic period were not built with simple identifying Gothic features. Gothic architecture was born of Romanesque architecture altered by the influence of medieval society. Romanesque and Gothic architecture, although having many similarities, also have many differences. There are some who would regard the first Gothic churches in France as late extensions of the Romanesque building boom.The Romanesque contributed greatly to the development of highly articulated, expressive exterior and interior design.'(K Conant p. 6) French Romanesque architecture was the antecedent to Early Gothic in France. What remained to be done in creating the Gothic style as we know it was to take the proportion and sophistication of Cluny III, its relatively thin vaulting, its flying buttresses, joining them to the rib vaulting of Durham, and developing the effective features of each. (K Conant p. 291) Romanesque architecture was designed to be more for protective purposes than for any aesthetic quality. So as not to be destroyed by invaders, the walls of the Romanesque cathedrals were built very thickly. Gothic, on the other hand, had thinner walls and worked towards a more artistic approach. Gothic cathedrals were also designed with statues and sculptures on them such as the gargoyle, which also served as a rainspout. Romanesque cathedrals had few windows, as the walls of the cathedrals were very thick and made placement of windows extremely difficult. Contrary to Romanesque architecture, Gothic had many stained glass windows, which spread colored light, giving a feeling of peace. Gothic style used many flying buttresses and pointed arches, while Romanesque used rounded arches for added support to the heavy construction of the walls and ceilings. Gothic architecture was achieved intentionally by the plan of Abbot Suger to rebuild St-Denis. During the thirteenth century other French contributions influenced cathedrals and partially erased the twelfth century forms. (Grodecki, p. 73) The great models of the thirteenth century gave rise to formal  continuity that can be seen more clearly throughout France than in other countries. France contains more structures that are easier read of successive stylistic phases. Champagne was the most readily influenced by the creation of Gothic architecture. The edifices of Champagne and Saint-Remis represent the final technical and formal improvements of Early Gothic architecture. The sixteenth century Parisian church of Saint-Eustache was modeled after the twelfth century Notre-Dame of Paris. Though Notre-Dame of Paris is considered to be a negative influence by Grodecki, it was a model for many edifices of lesser dimension and importance in the diocese of Paris during the last third of the twelfth century. The edifice being four stories tall lacks a triforium: in its place are rose shaped roundels that emit light up to the roof. The very large, well lit gallery opens to the central nave through triple arched openings. (Grodecki p. 62) Given the height of this structure, the builders turned to flying buttresses as a final solution. However, flying buttresses were not added to the choir. The cathedral was built according to the thin-wall principle; the shallowness of the window recesses and of the gallery arcade make this thinness noticeable at every level. (Grodecki p.62) A positive influence on Gothic architecture is Chartres Cathedral. The Chartres type is believed not only to have served as a model for the great cathedrals both in and out of France, but also its formal and structural success is believed to have made it a kind of masterpiece sui generis whose historical value surely matches that of the most celebrated creations of world architecture. Gothic style is not to be found in the Chartres type, but instead in mid-thirteenth century art: namely Rayonnant style. The choirs of Paris cathedrals all share certain features that make the real culmination of the Gothic principles of space and construction. (Grodecki p. 107) The immensity and magnificence of Chartres is due to the facts that it was the seat of a very wealthy bishopric and the site of a well-known Marian pilgrimage. Chartres includes a double ambulatory with chapels, due to the combining of the plans of Notre-Dame at Paris and of Saint-Denis. The transept is borrowed from the Cathedral of Laon. Chartres architects genius and originality is shown in the interior elevation and general  structure of the building. Chartres is three stories and resembles Sens with one difference: the arcade and clerestory are of equal height, separated by a triforium much like that of Laons. The design of the interior volumes, the delineations of bays by piers and colonettes, the rigor of the side aisles and ambulatory these features comprise one of the most logical spatial arrangements known to Gothic architecture. (Grodecki, p. 110) The Cathedral of Chartres must be considered one of the monuments that states most explicitly the Scholastic or mystic purpose of medieval art. The influence of this extraordinary structure was immediate and widespread. Chartres prompted the elimination of the gallery during construction and the rejection of certain characteristic Champagne features. The twelfth century design of Notre-Dame had been superceded . There are some discrepancies about when Gothic first came to England. According to L Grodecki, the Gothic style was first introduced to England in 1174 by Guillaume de Sens in the choir of Canterbury Cathedral. (Grodecki, p. 195) While C Wilson believes that Gothic was introduced to England by way of a series of more or less disconnected episodes, only some of which had important consequences. (Wilson, p. 72) Wilson also believes that some of the churches which the Cistercians built in the north of England from about 1155 were Gothic. (Wilson, p. 73) So he is saying that these churches are the earliest examples of Gothic in the region, which counter claims Grodeckis theory. Unfortunately it is not at all clear which of the mid-12th-century Cistercian churches in the north of England served as the channel through which Gothic influences reached the region. What can be affirmed is that at least one northern Cistercian church must have been built in the Gothic style by the late 1150s. The presence of the Burgundian elements at York virtually proves that the northern English Cistercians were the medium by which both the architect and the Gothic elements of his design were transmitted. (Wilson, p. 74) Avila, which is a parallel to York, is a mixture of Burgundian Cistercian Romanesque and French Gothic. The society of the medieval time played an important role in the creation of these Gothic Cathedrals. Every walk of life in medieval society can be seen portrayed in the art and decoration of a medieval cathedral. (Brookes essay in Swaans GC, p. 13) The materials used in constructing these edifices were often gifts or offerings from the King, founders, patrons and craftsmen. Swaan seems to think that the peasants felt that the cathedrals were not meant for their presence except during construction when they offered their carts or labor for building. This would suffice to say that the contractors were of low class peasants. Cranes and pulleys powered by men and animals were used to haul stones. Cathedrals were expensive to build; the money came from gifts of land, farms, houses, and jewels. Many people believed that donating money would forgive their sins. The workers such as the architects, sculptors, blacksmiths, and many others, believed that being a part of the construction would bring them fame and fortune. Cathedrals and the people inside implored that God is the most important part of a persons life and should be thanked for everything. People offered prayers and offerings to God at the great Cathedrals thinking it would bring a prosperous and healthy life. At anytime were the townspeople feeling downhearted or prosperous for any reason, their first priority was to go to the center of town and thank God at the cathedral. Praising the Lord became a ritual of everyday life. As one of the largest buildings of its time, the cathedrals represented the heavens in which people believed was peaceful and serene. France was the birthplace of the Gothic Style. French cathedrals began the Gothic era that spread throughout Europe in a rage that has never been seen since. English cathedrals combine the art of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The cathedrals represented faith, dedication and cooperation. And showed the people that even if they had a miserable life, they could always turn to the comforting church for salvation. Cathedrals across the world come in many shapes and sizes but all have the same purpose, to serve as a place to praise Jesus. They will always be around to show the roots of Christianity and portray the architectural skills served by the people of the middle ages.

Resistance To The Modernity of American Culture Essay example -- litera

In the poem Howl, Allen Ginsberg challenges the political modernity of American culture that enforces the â€Å"best minds† to give up their freedom to gain the desired sense of normalcy that is glorified. He states â€Å"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked/dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix† (Ginsberg 9). That angry fix that he describes is what all of these â€Å"best minds† look for after being striped of their freedom to conform to the new American culture after World War II. Without question a â€Å"best mind† in Ginsberg’s reference is one with all the freedom and insight before the turn of American culture that explicitly loose it through modernity. The â€Å"best minds† were not necessarily the wealthy and eminent but the people who used freedom for expression. They were the ones opposing the American culture that battles Capitalist and Communist control that was arrived post World War II. The form of Ginsberg’s poem challenges the culture through the resistance of the â€Å"best minds†. Howl is separated to three sections that include long lines that look like paragraphs. Resisting classical poems, he arranges long sentences instead of breaking them into separate parts. This free verse poem reveals the unorthodox meter Ginsberg puts in place through the three parts. In the first section he repeats the word â€Å"who† before every line to address the â€Å"best minds† and how they are being destroyed. In the second, he does the same for the word â€Å"Moloch†. Moloch can be interpreted as the American culture that is the destroyer. He states: â€Å"Moloch the incomprehensible prison! Moloch the/ crossbone soulless jail house and congress of sorrows† (21). He explicitly spe... ...esisting as well. Ginsberg writes the â€Å"best minds† as ones who â€Å"created great suicidal dramas on the apartment cliff-banks† (15). Repeatedly, the â€Å"best minds† are left fantasizing suicide as a way out. In a society that glories the normality of living by restricting people from acting on their insights, it develops a resistance to the American culture. Once the â€Å"best minds† of the generation have their freedom stripped from them in order to conform to the views in modernity, they resist through harsh substances for intoxication. When they realize the power of politics in America it forms suicidal thoughts for a way out. Works Cited Ginsberg, Allen. Howl, and other poems. San Francisco: City Lights Pocket Bookshop, 1956. Print. Asher, Levi. â€Å"Carl Solomon.† Literary Kicks. N.p., Aug. 1994. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.

Proposed Design for a Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays

Proposed Design for a Garden for the Blind As a largely visually-reliant society, much of botanical garden design have focused primarily on visual presentation, whether in flower color or in garden composition. Slowly, however, sensory gardens appealing to our more underutilized senses of smell, sound, touch, and even taste are appearing around the country and the globe. While these unique parks may specifically have blind individuals in mind, sensory gardens also appeal to anyone in the general population who would like to expand their sensory horizons. The following is just one proposal for a sensory garden design: The entrance to the garden should be visually, nasally, and tactilely stimulating. A metal gate covered with entangled goldflame honeysuckle vines (Lonicera x heckrottii ) would serve as a colorful, aromatic greeting and give visitors a small taste of the experience to come. These perennial plants also attract hummingbirds and butterflies, whose activities would surely stimulate the ears. The general layout of the garden would include a continuous serpentine path lined with raised plant beds (to minimize stooping and bending) on both sides. The path can even wrap around a standing rectangular planter to maximize usable area. The path would also have several alcoves or nooks, which would give visitors a resting area where they could linger about, smelling flowers and feeling leaf textures. Park benches present throughout the park would accommodate walking visitors who want to simply breathe in the lovely smells of the tea olive tree, for instance. Smooth wood railings on both sides of the path should run all throughout the garden to serve as directional guides. A change in material texture (to a metal, for instance) could be used to indicate an alcove area. Metal plaques in Braille embedded in the edges of the concretealcoves would provide general information about the various plants. These plaques can also have buttons that can be pushed for an audio reading of the inscription. According to the book Sensory Design, uneven pathways heighten our awareness of surfaces by compelling us to use our kinesthetic sense to perceive the changes in the ground. For the disabled, a slow-sloping path (upward and downward) would engage the visitor in using this sensory system. Proposed Design for a Garden for the Blind :: Architecture Design Essays Proposed Design for a Garden for the Blind As a largely visually-reliant society, much of botanical garden design have focused primarily on visual presentation, whether in flower color or in garden composition. Slowly, however, sensory gardens appealing to our more underutilized senses of smell, sound, touch, and even taste are appearing around the country and the globe. While these unique parks may specifically have blind individuals in mind, sensory gardens also appeal to anyone in the general population who would like to expand their sensory horizons. The following is just one proposal for a sensory garden design: The entrance to the garden should be visually, nasally, and tactilely stimulating. A metal gate covered with entangled goldflame honeysuckle vines (Lonicera x heckrottii ) would serve as a colorful, aromatic greeting and give visitors a small taste of the experience to come. These perennial plants also attract hummingbirds and butterflies, whose activities would surely stimulate the ears. The general layout of the garden would include a continuous serpentine path lined with raised plant beds (to minimize stooping and bending) on both sides. The path can even wrap around a standing rectangular planter to maximize usable area. The path would also have several alcoves or nooks, which would give visitors a resting area where they could linger about, smelling flowers and feeling leaf textures. Park benches present throughout the park would accommodate walking visitors who want to simply breathe in the lovely smells of the tea olive tree, for instance. Smooth wood railings on both sides of the path should run all throughout the garden to serve as directional guides. A change in material texture (to a metal, for instance) could be used to indicate an alcove area. Metal plaques in Braille embedded in the edges of the concretealcoves would provide general information about the various plants. These plaques can also have buttons that can be pushed for an audio reading of the inscription. According to the book Sensory Design, uneven pathways heighten our awareness of surfaces by compelling us to use our kinesthetic sense to perceive the changes in the ground. For the disabled, a slow-sloping path (upward and downward) would engage the visitor in using this sensory system.

Dr. Martin Luther King; a Dream Come True? Essay

During the Civil Rights Movement, a man named name Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stepped up as a leader in order to help end racial segregation. During this time and the many years before it, African Americans suffered greatly. Dr. King’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech made a huge turning point in the Civil Rights Movement and opened the door to equality. On August 28, 1963, King gives his speech for freedom. He begins by stating the emancipation of the slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln and mentions that blacks are still not free. He is very persuasive and passionate while also being aggressive and confrontational. King, along with his supporters, demands a fast and radical change rather than a slow process. Although demanding, King is a very peaceful person and hopes to obtain equality through non-violent actions. His use of Ghanaian style protest proved to be the most humble and effective approach. He knows that fighting violence with violence will only create an endless cycle of fighting, cruelty, and suffering. After stating his demands, he moves on to what many people would call the most memorable part of the speech, which is his â€Å"I have a dream† part. In that part he laid out his vision and hopes for the Civil Rights movement. The ultimate message from his speech is equality among all people not just African Americans. Forty-nine years has passed since this legendary speech, which begs the question; Did Dr. King’s dreams come true? This is not a perfect world and there will always be some sort of conflict or imperfection when it comes to true equality, but that being said, I think that his dream has come true. His dream was that people would be judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character; that segregation would end; and that all men, women, and children could live as free human beings. In some ways, Dr. King’s dream has come true. African American students can go to schools with white students, they can all eat in the same restaurants together, and some even marry one another. Segregation is kept out of school and communities so the children of today are able to have better lives. His dream was that everyone could be free. It seems clear that life in the South has improved for African- Americans. African-Americans have become professionals and teachers and even Mayors of cities and towns throughout the South. Black Congressmen and women have been elected from the South. In the North, Blacks have also progressed in all walks of life. One African-American of mixed heritage grew up to be elected to the Illinois State House and the United States Senate and made it all the way to the White House. The ability of Barack Obama to become President was made possible by Dr. King and his comrades who brought the Civil Rights movement to all of our doorsteps. There will always be some form of racism out there, but at this point it’s just regarded simply as ignorance. Right now, racism isn’t even close to how it was nearly fifty years ago. For the most part, people treat each other equally. Any opportunity for a white man is the same opportunity for a black man. There are no limitations to anyone based on race. Equality has definitely gotten a lot better ever since Dr. King’s speech. Dr. King’s dream has certainly come true in many ways. Take President Obama for example; the first African American president in U.S. history after all the bad that’s happened like slavery and unfair treatment against blacks. We have come from being in the slave house to the white house. The Civil Rights Movement definitely helped the progression of African American’s rights in America. With public demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and freedom rides, the African American race was given the right to ride on the same public transportation, eat at the same restaurants, and go to the same schools as the white race. The Civil Rights Movement also gave African Americans the right to register to vote. Since Martin Luther King’s time, there have emerged many African Americans who have become very successful and influential like Oprah Winfrey, Sean â€Å"P. Diddy† Combs, and Shawn â€Å"Jay-Z† Carter to name a few. We have accomplished and are doing so many good things and have become very proud people. There are still many people out there who are racist, make racist remarks, and feel like other races are different in a bad way. That being said, the level of significance in racism is nowhere near how it was before. As previously stated, this isn’t a perfect world and there will always be ignorance everywhere. If that disparity in behavior can’t be completely eradicated, will the Black man ever be truly free? Dr. King initiated a huge improvement in the freedom for many and he was definitely successful, but at this point it is up to the individuals to make a difference for themselves whenever they face ignorance.

The Japanese Internment essays

The Japanese Internment essays Throughout history, Canada has relatively been a supporter of multiculturalism. In the past Canada has had very few racial conflict, although there has been one incident which has had quite a controversial effect about human rights violations and discrimination. This thorn in Canada's side is the Japanese Internment which took place during the second world war. The Japanese Internment took place between the years of 1941 and 1949. At the time most of the Japanese population was concentrated in British Columbia, on the West Coast of Canada. The Japanese first immigrated to Canada to work on the rail road in 1900. By 1921 the Japanese population numbered nearly 16000 people and had possessed nearly half of the fishing licenses in British Columbia. In 1941 23000 Japanese were living throughout Canada. On December 7 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. After the attack there government took all Japanese owned boats, radios, and cameras. After the public pressured the government, and they took action and the government moved all Japanese from a 100 mile wide security strip along the B.C. coast. Later the government gave a further statement that declared that all people of Japanese origin were considered aliens until the end of World War II. In the first year of the war the 21000 Japanese who were affected by the war regulations, were sent to various provinces across Canada. The government assured the provinces that the Japanese would stay in agriculture and would be removed after the war, at the provinces request. The remaining 12000 Japanese were taken to Interior Housing Centers in the middle of B.C. These housing centers consisted of four abandoned mining towns and two completely new communities. During the internment the Canadian Government claimed all the Japanese's land and possessions and sold them for a factor of the original cost. The government called this land claim's. ...

Exploring Plot Involving Marriage Through Classic American Literature †English Research Paper

Exploring Plot Involving Marriage Through Classic American Literature – English Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Exploring Plot Involving Marriage Through Classic American Literature English Research Paper Over time, many works of American literature have included plots of relationships and marriages. These marriages often are very complex just like relationships are in real life. Authors choose to follow the trend of real life in saying that not all relationships, especially marriages, are successful. In fact, in most American literature, authors choose to describe the downfall of an unsuccessful relationship. Very few novels that I have read choose to show how the â€Å"happy relationship† does exist. A pattern in books that describe either a successful or unsuccessful marriage is they describe what qualities are needed to make a marriage. In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston chose to go against most authors and describe a successful, happy marriage. But like most authors, in the novels The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Awakening by Kate Chopin, the authors chose to describe the typical unsuccessful relationship. In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character Janie has many relationships throughout the plot. Janie’s ultimate goal in life is to find an identity through finding her true love (Domina 2). After two failed marriages, during which time her husbands treated her horribly, she finally feels a sense of freedom; this freedom is short-lived, however, when she meets a man named Tea Cake whom she falls instantly in love with. â€Å"Tea Cake, who represents the closest resemblance to her youthful idealism regarding love and marriage† (â€Å"Novel Guide† 1). When Janie and Tea Cake get married, they encounter problems like many other marriages. What Hurston describes as the key to Janie and Tea Cake’s marriage is open-ness, trust, and most importantly true love. Immediately after they get married, Tea Cake steals Janie’s money from her. The only way Janie and Tea Cake made it through their troubles were to be completely open with one anothe r, a true sign of a successful relationship. Throughout the novel you see how the two lovers share a deep respect for one another. Janie views fulfilling relationships as reciprocal and based on mutual respect, as demonstrated in her relationship with Tea Cake, which elevates Janie into an equality noticeably absent from her marriages to Logan and Jody (Berridge 4). When Tea Cake tells Janie, â€Å"You’se something tuh make uh man forgit tuh git old and forgit tuh die,† it shows how deep and true the love between himself and Janie truly is. One reason for this undying love was due to Janie and Tea Cake being able to maintain their independence, which was important to both of them. â€Å"Yet Janie enjoys herself with Tea Cake more than she has with any other man. Tea Cake does not limit her to a particular role, he enjoys life and invites Janie to simply be herself (2). After Tea Cake dies, the author describes it as, â€Å"she was too busy feeling grief to dress like grief,† displaying how incredibly saddened she was over Tea Cake. He meant so much to her that she was utterly lost without him. Hurston here describes how in a successful relationship, when you lose the one you love, you feel like you have lost half your soul, which is how Janie feels in the novel. â€Å"†¦thanked him wordlessly for giving her the chance for loving service† (Domina 2). Whenever Janie and Tea Cake had problems they were always able to get through it, move on, and learn from it. â€Å"Ah’m thankful for everything we come through together.† The importance of certain qualities of a successful marriage, such as these described in Their Eyes Were Watching God, can also be revealed through the lack of such qualities in unsuccessful marriages. In The Scarlet Letter, the relationship between Hester and Roger Chillingworth was unsuccessful due to the faults of both spouses. Hester and Roger were married in Europe, and Roger sent Hester America promising to join her there soon. Ultimately, she was left alone in America not knowing whether Roger was alive or dead. â€Å"†¦ was the wife of a certain learned man, sent his wife before him†¦ being left on her own misguidance†¦ as it is most likely, her husband may be at the bottom of the sea.† Not hearing from your husband in two years and not being sure whether he’s alive was the biggest contributor to Hester’s failed marriage. With a frequent or extended absence from one person in a relationship, a couple ultimately grows apart. Because Hester was so alone in America, she became an adulterous woman and had an affair with Dimmesdale. Hester’s adulterous relations turned the â€Å"mother-father-child† family frame into a distorted family of 4 (Colacurcio 32). Hester’s infidelity with Dimmesdale seemed to be attributed to Hester’s independence from her husband, and freedom from the confines of her society. â€Å"†¦celebration of Hester’s sexual nature is also necessarily a celebration of her highly individual will† (Bloom, â€Å"Bloom’s Notes† 7). Edna in The Awakening also displays this characteristic of Hester’s. The silence Hester kept in order to protect Dimmesdale shifts her loyalty from her husband to her lover (Colacurcio 42). When Chillingworth found out the child Hester had was not his, he became very hostile towards her. When she was face-to-face with her husband, she was very uncomfortable and didn’t trust him. â€Å"looked into her eyes-a gaze that made her shrink and shudder because so familiar yet so strange and cold.† When a wife doesn’t trust her husband, there is no doubt that the relationship will ultimately be a fai lure. Hester also holds a great resentment towards Roger, and is very unreceptive of him. â€Å"She is not even compassionate to Chillingworth who, it must be said, rewards her at least with ample understanding and a certain measure of sympathy† (Kaul 17). When Hester and Roger meet again, they had no feelings for each other, and didn’t trust each other; the two most important components in a marriage. Hester and Roger, just like Edna and Leonce, didn’t have true love that was equal from the beginning. â€Å"thou knowest that I was frank with thee. I felt no love or feigned any.† Roger loved Hester deeply, but the love was never returned. â€Å"†¦ the relationship was utterly lacking the Christian virtues of love and compassion† (Bryson 92). Later in the book, Roger admits that he had an instinct that the marriage was doomed from the start. â€Å"From the moment he came down the old church steps together†¦ that scarlet letter blazing at the end of our path.† The Scarlet Letter, like many other novels, illustrated what characteristics define an unsuccessful relationship. Finally, in The Awakening, the relationship between Edna and Leonce was a love-less, doomed marriage. Kate Chopin describes in the novel that when Edna first married Leonce that she didn’t love him. When Edna was a young child, she had a vision of what she thought was the perfect marriage; a vision that would never be fulfilled. â€Å" Edna searches for the same this as Leonce: a spouse and children who adore and worship her† (â€Å"Awakening† 3). From the first day, the relationship was unsuccessful because Edna thought she could â€Å"grow† to love him. She was so pleased with the way Leonce worshiped her, that she assumed she could love him. â€Å"Edna married Leonce for all the wrong reasons†¦ he was merely ‘putting his best side forward for her’†(4). When they were married, the couple frequently fought and was angry at one another. Leonce, being a typical upper class male of his time, considered his wife as more of an object o f ownership rather than as an equal person. It is said that he looked upon his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of property. Of course, this would seem to find Leonce guilty of male chauvinism, if it were true that he viewed her as a possession and not a person, a mate, or a spouse (1). This treatment thus caused Edna, who was a very strong and independent woman, to be a very disrespectful wife and lose any admiration she once had for her husband. She also eventually disregarded her husband’s feelings. â€Å"’I mean to stay out here. I don’t wish to go in and I don’t intend to. Don’t speak to me like that again; I shall not answer you.’† This instance of disregard for her husband showed the pathetic state their marriage was in, if such hostility could arise over such an insignificant issue. When Edna began to overlook her husband’s feelings, Leonce also began be indifferent to Edna’s emotions. â€Å"Leonce is show n to be unconcerned with his wife, but here he is rather unmistakable as being very cold, and shows evidence of the fact that Leonce does indeed hold himself and his own affairs in somewhat of a higher esteem than he does those of Edna† (1). Another fault in their marriages was their failure to accept one another for who they were. Leonce wouldn’t let Edna paint like she wanted to, and also he was not fond of the fact that she didn’t enjoy the role of being a housewife. â€Å"Then her absolute disregard for her duties as a wife angered him.† Leonce also was hostile towards her because he felt she didn’t do a good enough job taking care of the children. â€Å"A difficult matter for Mr. Pontiellier to define his own satisfaction†¦his wife failed in her duty towards the children.† Leonce simply wanted the normal wife of the time, one who idolized her children and worshiped her husband. It almost seems that she felt the children were what k ept her involved in her empty marriage with Leonce (8). All this resentment and displeasure in each other’s personality built up in the life of their marriage and was a great factor in its decline. Leonce also frequently left Edna and was rarely around. â€Å"He was returning to the city†¦ he was eager to be gone.† â€Å"He would obviously rather be in the company of friends, gambling and drinking at the club, than spend a night with his wife. He did not even feel the need to tell her at what time he planned to arrive. The fact that she understands, without him saying it, he will probably not return until late, would suggest that this is a normal practice of his†(2). To make up for his absence, he would always try to buy back her love and support by giving her gifts. The separation between Leonce and Edna lead them to grow even farther apart. â€Å"A few days later, a box arrived for Mrs. Pontiellier†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Because of his frequent gifts, many wom en thought he was the greatest husband, when that was entirely wrong. Edna also helped in making the marriage unsuccessful. She never cared, or even listened when her husband was expressing his feelings about something very important to him. This utter disrespect caused a lack of communication, which was another factor in the failure in the relationship. â€Å"He thought it very discouraging that his wife†¦ evinced so little in things that concerned him, and valued his conversation so little.† The most important factor in a marriage, true love, was never present. Edna never loved her husband, causing her to be adulterous and yearn desperately for another man. â€Å"Once she stopped, and taking off her wedding ring, flung it upon the carpet†¦she stamped her heel upon it, striving to crush it.† â€Å"This would seem to be a metaphor, showing the way in which she so desperately wished to end the marriage, but finds it to be utterly inescapable† (6). Wi th a loveless marriage that had no foundation to keep it going, the relationship between Edna and Leonce was a failure. The Awakening was simply a â€Å"tale of a husband and wife who both want the same thing out of marriage; logically, though, it is rather impossible for both parties to be satisfied, and one must take on the role of the worshiper rather than the worshiped† (3). Throughout these three novels, the authors exemplified what a marriage needs to be successful. Instead of choosing to show how these make a relationship successful, most authors choose to show how a loss of these qualities evolves into a failed relationship. Nonetheless, whether the relationship in the plot of a novel was a success or not, it usually is a major tool to developing the morals and themes of the work of literature. These failed relationships and the few successful ones allow the reader to see what is important in a relationship. Another reason many authors choose to write about failed relationships is usually because their story is much more entertaining than the story of the normal true love. Therefore, it can be affirmed that many authors throughout American literature prefer to tell the story of a failed relationship rather than a successful one. Research Papers on Exploring Plot Involving Marriage Through Classic American Literature - English Research PaperMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

French Indian War - French Indian War Aftermath

French Indian War - French Indian War Aftermath Previous: 1760-1763 - The Closing Campaigns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview The Treaty of Paris Having abandoned Prussia, clearing the way to make a separate peace with France and Spain, the British entered into peace talks in 1762. After winning stunning victories around the globe, they vigorously debated which captured territories to keep as part of the negotiating process. This debate essentially distilled to an argument for keeping either Canada or islands in the West Indies. While the former was infinitely larger and provided security for Britains existing North American colonies, the latter produced sugar and other valuable trade commodities. Left with little to trade except Minorca, the French foreign minister, the Duc de Choiseul, found an unexpected ally in the head of the British government, Lord Bute. Believing that some territory had to be returned in order to restore a degree of balance of power, he did not press to complete the British victory at the negotiating table. By November 1762, Britain and France, with Spain also participating, completed work on a peace agreement dubbed the Treaty of Paris. As part of the agreement, the French ceded all of Canada to Britain and relinquished all claims to territory east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans. In addition, British subjects were guaranteed navigation rights over the length of the river. French fishing rights on the Grand Banks were confirmed and they were allowed to retain the two small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon as commercial bases. To the south, the British maintained possession of St. Vincent, Dominica, Tobago, and Grenada, but returned Guadeloupe and Martinique to France. In Africa, Gorà ©e was restored to France, but Senegal was kept by the British. On the Indian Subcontinent, France was permitted to re-establish bases that had been founded before 1749, but for trading purposes only. In exchange, the British regained their trading posts in Sumatra. Also, the British agreed to allow former French subjects to continue practicing Roman Catholicism. A late entry into the war, Spain fared badly on the battlefield and in negotiations. Forced to cede their gains in Portugal, they were locked out of the Grand Banks fisheries. In addition, they were forced trade all of Florida to Britain for the return of Havana and the Philippines. This gave Britain control of the North American coast from Newfoundland to New Orleans. The Spanish were also required to acquiesce to a British commercial presence in Belize. As compensation for entering the war, France transferred Louisiana to Spain under the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau. The Treaty of Hubertusburg Hard pressed in the wars final years, Frederick the Great and Prussia saw fortune shine on them when Russia exited the war following Empress Elizabeths death in early 1762. Able to concentrate his few remaining resources against Austria, he won battles at Burkersdorf and Freiburg. Cut off from British financial resources, Frederick accepted Austrian entreaties to begin peace talks in November 1762. These talks ultimately produced the Treaty of Hubertusburg which was signed on February 15, 1763. The terms of the treaty were an effective return to status quo ante bellum. As a result, Prussia retained the wealthy province of Silesia which it had gained by the1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and which had been a flashpoint for the current conflict. Though battered by the war, the result led to a newfound respect for Prussia and an acceptance of the nation as one of the great powers of Europe. The Road to Revolution Debate over the Treaty of Paris began in Parliament on December 9, 1762. Though not required for approval, Bute felt it a prudent political move as the treatys terms had unleashed a great deal of public outcry. The opposition to the treaty was led by his predecessors William Pitt and the Duke of Newcastle who felt that the terms were far too lenient and who criticized the governments abandonment of Prussia. Despite the vocal protest, the treaty passed the House of Commons by a vote of 319-64. As a result, the final document was officially signed on February 10, 1763. While triumphant, the war had badly stressed Britains finances plunging the nation into debt. In an effort to alleviate these financial burdens, the government in London began exploring various options for raising revenues and underwriting the cost of colonial defense. Among those pursued were a variety of proclamations and taxes for the North American colonies. Though a wave of goodwill for Britain existed in the colonies in the wake of the victory, it was quickly extinguished that fall with the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was intended to stabilize relations with the Native American population, most of which had sided with France in the recent conflict, as well as reduce the cost of colonial defense. In America, the proclamation was met with outrage as many colonists had either purchased land west of the mountains or had received land grants for services rendered during the war. This initial anger was escalated by a series of new taxes including the Sugar Act (1764), Currency Act (1765), Stamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (1767), and Tea Act (1773). Lacking a voice in Parliament, the colonists claimed taxation without representation, and protests and boycotts swept through the colonies. This widespread anger, coupled with a rise in liberalism and republicanism, placed the American colonies on the road to the American Revolution. Previous: 1760-1763 - The Closing Campaigns | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview

Marketing is a philosophy that puts the customer at the centre no Essay

Marketing is a philosophy that puts the customer at the centre no customer, no sales - Essay Example It highlights three important aspects that marketing accomplishes. First, it recognizes the purpose of business organizations to design products which satisfy customer requirements. Marketing does not just involve offering any goods and services but business organizations should strive to offer those which offer customer value. Second, it stresses the aim of business organizations to generate profit from its operations. Thus, the definition of CIM involves assessing the marketing strategy which will be mutually beneficial for customers and companies. Business organizations as this definition implies are profit maximizing entities. Lastly, this definition highlight that marketing is not just about providing the current needs by â€Å"anticipating† the future requirements of the markets. In summary, the CIM’s definition of marketing balances the satisfaction of customer and profit maximizing goal of business organizations. This definition creates an image for marketing as something which merely reflects the needs of customers and marketers are tasked merely to identify and respond to these various needs. It recognizes that marketers have a great part in shaping customer’s needs by offering innovative solutions to their problems. Nonetheless, it is still the customers that determine which among the various products they are bombarded with represent their real need through their demand backed by purchasing power. It is irrefutable that business organizations are now operating on what Kotler (2002) termed as a hypercompetitive environment. This arena is characterized by more intense rivalry between players and higher buyer leverage. Thus, it becomes a great challenge for companies to create and deliver product offerings which will satisfy the need of individuals as well as establish efficient strategies in order to capture

OLINE SECURITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OLINE SECURITY - Essay Example High intensity of network attacks has pushed organizations to invest in more secure systems that can resist external attacks and limit access of organization resources. However, cybercriminals use a broad range of techniques to attack networks including use of Trojan programs, fishing mails, and indirect attacks. Although various approaches to guarantee online security are available, there is evidence that cybercrime is still a challenge that information systems have to address. A close analysis of the problem of cybercrime shows that the problem has become severe and needs immediate remedy. For instance, in the UK, the banking sector loses approximately  £1 billion to cybercrime and customer trust is at stake in this sector (Barclays, 2013). The banking sector is a major contributor to the economy of the country contributing about 8% of the UK Gross Domestic Product, but now falls under great threat from cybercriminals. According to United States Department of Crime and Justice, (2013) about 5 million Americans are hacked every year and their identity information is used and at least $50 million dollars is lost to cyber-criminals. In China, Anderson reports that in China, over 700,000 web users fall victim of cybercrime every without their knowledge and over $874 million is lost to fraudsters. Despite the imperative efforts that have been engaged to tackle the problem, cybercrime continues to be a big problem in many countries. The 2013 cybercrime report presented by Sophos new cyber threats have brought new trends in online business. This report indicates that Blackhole is a new malware that has heightened the problem of cybercrime. Surprisingly, US host over 30% of the Blackhole sites while China hosts over 5% of these sites. These trends indicate that there is a need for stricter policies to curb cybercrime in the business market. Hackers are people who exploit weaknesses within computer

Caribbean Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Caribbean Literature - Essay Example These woman writers were born in the late 1940s and 1950s and they produced their first major works in the 1980s. "The term 'Caribbean women writers' describes an extremely diverse collection of women: women of numerous racial and ethnic groups who reside in many nations and write in at least four European languages and many Caribbean Creoles." (Rody, 117) Significantly, the most acclaimed woman writer of the region, Jean Rhys, is a white woman identified with English modernism who lived in the wake of Caribbean women's renaissance in the 1980s. Jamaica Kincaid, Michelle Cliff, and Maryse Conde are some of the prominent figures during the Caribbean women's renaissance in the 1980s. Therefore, a profound analysis of the Caribbean literature of 1980s, one recognizes a key stage of development in women's writing. In the critical work 'The Invisible Woman in West Indian Literature', Ramabai Espinet investigates the 'invisibility' of East Indian woman in Caribbean literature and one gets the notion that women arbiters are marginalized by virtue of their ethnicity a

Sarbanes-oxley act 2002 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sarbanes-oxley act 2002 - Essay Example As a result of this the U.S Congress issued an act which was later known as the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The act addresses many different issues and is mandatory upon every public organization to follow (within the United States of America). The act consists of 11 sections which range from the extra duty being enforced upon different company boards to different criminal penalties if the guidelines of the Sarbanes Oxley Act are not followed. Besides such sections, the act wants the Securities and Exchange Commission to ensure that such guidelines and rules are followed by all the respective companies or not. The act focuses on issues such as corporate governance, internal control assessment, auditor assessment, etc. The act created a Public Company Accounting oversight board which was made responsible to manage and supervise audit companies which act as auditors of different public companies. Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 is more of a Rules-Based approach where non-compliance would lead to heavy penalties (including some criminal prosecution as well). It is a requirement under the US stock exchange regulation to comply with SOX and a publicly held company needs to follow the act (private companies are exempt from its application).

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II - Coursework Example It is merely based on a hunch or general observation without hard facts to support it. This implies that it calls for a means of testing whether or not it is true at the end of the research. There are two types of hypothesis; one is the null hypothesis which implores that there is no relationship between two variables under observation. In the case of this study in which the variables are my stock price and the DJIA, The null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. The second type of hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. This offers the opposite idea from that of the null hypothesis. It states that indeed there is a relationship between the two variables in question. ... 1.86 3.46 -12.87 54 15.08 227.41 12 -2.41 5.81 36.34 48 9.08 82.45 18 3.59 12.89 32.59 37 -1.92 3.69 16 1.86 3.46 3.57 70 31.08 965.97 15 0.59 0.35 18.34 23 -15.92 253.45 12 -2.41 5.81 38.37 36 -2.92 8.53 13 -1.41 1.99 4.12 35 -3.92 15.37 14 -0.41 0.17 1.61 21 -17.92 321.13 11 -3.41 11.63 61.11 55 16.08 258.57 16 1.86 3.46 29.91 TOTAL 467 2183.95 173 52.66 208.61 AVERAGE 38.92 14.41 r= 208.61 [(sqrt 2183.95)(sqrt 52.66)] = 0.309 Confirming in the table of the value of r shown below:- If r = +.70 or higher Very strong positive relationship +.40 to +.69 Strong positive relationship +.30 to +.39 Moderate positive relationship +.20 to +.29 weak positive relationship +.01 to +.19 No or negligible relationship -.01 to -.19 No or negligible relationship -.20 to -.29 weak negative relationship -.30 to -.39 Moderate negative relationship -.40 to -.69 Strong negative relationship -.70 or higher Very strong negative relationship ‘r’ is between 0.30 and 0.39 and therefore a moderate positive relationship. This implies that there is moderate positive relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. This confirms the alternative hypothesis which stated that; there is a relationship between my stock price and the DJIA REFERENCES Soper, H.E., Young, A.W., Cave, B.M., Lee, A., Pearson, K. (1917). "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient in small samples. Appendix II to the papers of "Student" and R. A. Fisher. A co-operative study", Biometrika, 11, 328-413.

Sarbanes-oxley act 2002 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sarbanes-oxley act 2002 - Essay Example As a result of this the U.S Congress issued an act which was later known as the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The act addresses many different issues and is mandatory upon every public organization to follow (within the United States of America). The act consists of 11 sections which range from the extra duty being enforced upon different company boards to different criminal penalties if the guidelines of the Sarbanes Oxley Act are not followed. Besides such sections, the act wants the Securities and Exchange Commission to ensure that such guidelines and rules are followed by all the respective companies or not. The act focuses on issues such as corporate governance, internal control assessment, auditor assessment, etc. The act created a Public Company Accounting oversight board which was made responsible to manage and supervise audit companies which act as auditors of different public companies. Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 is more of a Rules-Based approach where non-compliance would lead to heavy penalties (including some criminal prosecution as well). It is a requirement under the US stock exchange regulation to comply with SOX and a publicly held company needs to follow the act (private companies are exempt from its application).

Credit cards from the legal perspective (special reference to UAE) Research Paper

Credit cards from the legal perspective (special reference to UAE) - Research Paper Example . Now, UAE has become a developed market for the usage of credit card due to consumer awareness and due to introduction of innovative creditcard products. There is an allegation about the UAE card issuers that they are charging exorbitant service charges from cardholders in UAE. Further, issuing of creditcards to all the migrant workers without verifying their credit status has brought many legal issues. This research essay will look into in general about creditcards with particular emphasis to the legal issues arising out of credit card business in UAE. CREDITCARDS FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE (SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UAE) Introduction In UAE, the creditcards are regarded as an essential part of life of UAE citizens as it is being regarded in other parts of the world. Creditcards convenient have come to limelight as it is being recognised everywhere today and because of its acceptable and convenient form of payment. The right usage of credit card offers the cardholder a flexible form of credit payment and may enhance the user’s credit standing, and one may even accrue rewards awarded by creditcard issuers. Nowadays, creditcards have become a common medium of payment. Creditcards are easy to carry, and it is safer than carrying cash. ... However, if a customer uses a credit card without any rationale, it could be devastating as quick sand. It is alleged that lenders can exploit gullible credit cardholders with the exorbitant interest rates and other penalties like delay for making payment or adding penal interest for late payment. As of today, about 68% of creditcards are being used as a transactional medium by consumers for their convenience who are likely to repay their balances on a monthly basis without any default. As per recent research study made by VISA , as compared to six years ago, there was about 50% of creditcards generated no interest at all to the issuers and whereas now, it is estimated at 60% of cards are being reported to have generated no interest. The popularity of creditcards can be attributed to the convenience in nature and also the credit facility it offers to card holders. Credit card offers not only convenience but also has substituted checks which is the traditional mode of payment for any purchases earlier. Credit card does not require to maintain adequate cash reserves to meet contemporary expenses. It is estimated that about 23% of consumer transactions are being carried over creditcards. Cardholders are permitted to carry interest-free balances for about sixty days as the cardholder is allowed to enjoy the credit not only throughout the credit cycle but also offers a grace period of 20 days after the lapse of the credit period. If a cardholder pays the balances within the credit period, he can avoid the payment of any interest on his credit purchases through his card. It is to be noted that consumers are chiefly employing credit card as an alternative for checks instead of considering it as a source of

Massage Questionare Essay Example for Free

Massage Questionare Essay 1. Why is it important that the therapist should know the direction of flow in each individual meridian? Yang energy flows downwards and is found mainly to the back of the body, and Yin energy flows up-wards and is found mainly in the front of the body. Because of this it is paramount for a therapist to know the direction of flow in each individual meridian, in order to administer effective treatment. 2. How would the therapist apply Shiatsu treatment to a patient who is hyperactive and unable to relax? If the client is hyperactive and unable to relax and appears to possess an excess of energy that will not fade the normal way, then thumb pressures along each meridian must move over the tsubos from the one with the highest number to the one with the lowest number. 3. Give the Japanese name and number of three tsubos which can be pressed to help relieve a patient suffering from menstrual pain? RIN KYU (12) – menstrual pain –press inwards towards the tarsus for 9 seconds 3 times. YU SEN (1) – menstrual pain- press hard inwards with both thumbs for 12 seconds 3 times. KAN GEN (2) – menstrual pain – press with palm of the hand, increasing pressure gradually for 15 seconds 3 times. 4. Give the Japanese name and number of the tsubo which is concerned with both sciatica and calf spasms. For sciatica – SHO FU, SHYO ZAN. For both Calf spasms, sciatica ICHU (22) – Press inwards for 9 seconds, three times. 5. Give the name and number of the tsubo you would press to treat an arthritic knee. RYO KYO (7) – Press hard inwards for 9 seconds, three times. 6. Give the number of the tsubo on the Bladder Meridian, which is concerned with neck pain. HAKU KO (24) – Press hard inwards towards the anterior aspect of the spine for 6 seconds, three times. 7. On which meridian is there a tsubo that is concerned with heart palpitations? Heart Meridian – SHYO-KAI – Press hard inwards for 6 seconds 3 times. 8. Which tsubo lies between the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae? This comes under Governing Vessel Meridian and would be MEI MON. 9. Give the name and number of the tsubo which lies over the middle metacarpal in the palm of the hand. What condition can it be used to correct? RO KYU (2) the condition that can be corrected is EXHAUSTION. You wish to treat a client suffering from Bell’s Palsy. Give the name, number and location of the tsubo, and describe how you would apply treatment. RETSU KETSU (3) – Press hard inwards for 9 seconds, three times Facial muscles attach to the skin allowing us to make many expressions. When these muscles are paralyzed, they begin to atrophy. Massage can be used to stimulate circulation in the face and maintain the health of the muscles. Massage can also help encourage the muscles to move and ease the discomfort associated with Bells palsy. By massaging the side of the face (above the eye down to the chin, behind the ear) and specifically the 7th cranial nerve (located just below the cheek bone) will soothe and alleviate pain and discomfort and thereby allow the paralysis to decrease. Recommended Time: 15 to 20 minutes of massaging, followed by 15 minutes of good intention Reiki, both morning and night REF: Japan Shiatsu Inc

Why It Is Important To Study Organizational Behavior Essay

Why It Is Important To Study Organizational Behavior Essay INTRODUCTION According to (Robins Judge, 10th, p.2), Organizational Behavior studies the influence and impact that individuals, groups, and organizational structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness. In the business world today, Organizational Behavior is an essential tool for managing effective teams and it helps to understand and predict human behavior in an organization. It studies on how organizations can be structures more accurately, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. It has become more significant today than in previous years because organizations must master to adapt to the rapidly changing business cultures that have stemmed from a competitive market. In order to know how to handle a new workforce, and cope with the challenges of the new environment, the employers need to deliver their message about behavior and attitude of groups, and individuals in corporation. According to Graham and Krueger (1996), soft skills were never a part of management training and it was precious that employers were advised for possessing those skills. If employer can understands on an employees adaptability, personality, and creativity, motivating that employee the way he need to be motivated is never a gray area and a guaranteed success. Question (A): Why it is important to study Organizational Behavior? The study of organizational behavior is one of the most significant elements in the management sciences, as it makes management learn from what has succeeded elsewhere. Generally, financial strength is a measure of the organizations past success. What determines whether the organization will continue to deliver sought-after products, will continue to develop cutting edge technology, will continue to make the right options about which direction the market is going to go, will continue to make sound investments, is the people and the organizational culture and structure. According to Casey Reader (2010), different organizational structures will show different types of organizations that each has strengths and weaknesses. There are four main elements which are Motivation, Culture, Change, and System. According to Motivation, it draws that individual behave differently when they are in groups. Major of the study of organizational behavior has aimed on how best to motivate group of individuals. Professionals have figure that it often doesnt matter exactly what you do, but merely that employees are aware of your efforts to motivate. Based on Culture, when individual communicate with one another over an extended period of time they intentionally to deliver a selective culture that determines how tasks get completed and common attitudes. Organizational theorists tend to practice this culture and how it influences behavior. Strong cultures align with the overall goals of an organization, such as having an emphasis on innovation. On the other hand, weak cult ures degrade from business goals, and cause conflicts, such as overemphasizing bureaucratic rule-following. Today, Motivation and Culture are important to practice with Organizational Behavior because major organizations are encouraging team approach to solve difficulties. Todays post-industrial hi-tech organization requires knowledge intensive work environment and demands creativity from its own employees. Employers gave awareness to Organizational Behavior or soft skill training. The industrial revolution created the wants for hard skills. Employees who work in production line and were not required thinking or communicating to each other. But now, instead of standing behind the production line, employees need to sit in front of a computer, and control machine equipment who works in the production line. Now, employees are not only required to learn new technical skills but also how to communicate, negotiate, decentralize, and motivate within each other. Based on (Morgan, 1997: 5), we have to accept that any theory or perspective that we bring to the study of organization and management, while capable of creating valuable insights, is also incomplete, biased, and potentially misleading. Organizational behavior shows the important key points as Regulatory, and Radical. Basically, Regulatory helps to draw what goes on in organizations, possibly to present minor changes that might improve them, but not to make any basic judgment about whether what happens is correct or incorrect. Radical tends to make judgments about the way that organizations ought to be and provide recommendations on how this could be accomplished. Traditional organization used to practice Regulatory while new modern organization tends to act Radical. To well organize in budget controlling, new modern organization in today doesnt willing to give a long time for bank credit cards salesperson to hit their sales target. New modern organizations urge to get the results fr om salesperson whereas the salesperson should hit their monthly sales on time and accurately, if the salesperson failed to hit the target continuously in few months, employers reserved the rights to terminate the employee. Conversely, traditional organizations used to act Regulatory whereas Hire and Fire policy will never be the options for a traditional organization to behave. Employers are patient enough and theyre willing to spend times to educate, guide, and monitor an employees performance. Based on (Taylor, 1911: Fayol, 1949), the orthodox view in organization theory has been based predominantly on the metaphors of machine and organism. The metaphor of a machine underwrites the work of the classical management theorists. According to Figure 1, it draws the three concepts for understanding the nature and organization of social science, which is Paradigms, Metaphors, and Puzzle Solving. Metaphor plays an important role in organization behavior. Metaphor is frequently regarded as no more than a literary and descriptive device for embellishment, but more fundamentally is a creative form which generates its effect though a crossing of images. Based on Figure 2, by Burrell and Morgan (1979), functionalist paradigm, which is also named as objective-regulation, is the first paradigm for organizational study. Its also a strong outline for the study of organizations and assume that rational human actions and believes one can be understand through the hypothesis testing. Due to the problem-solving orientation which is leads to rational explanation. It seeks to provide rational explanations of human affairs and its pragmatic and deeply rotten in sociological positivism. Relationships are concrete and can be identified studied and measured via science. Functionalist paradigm is based on upon the assumption that society has a concrete, real existence, and a systemic character oriented to produce an ordered and regulated state of affairs, it encourages an approach to social theory that focuses upon understanding the role of human begins in society. Behavior is always seen as being contextually bound in a real world of concrete and tangible social relationships. The functionalist perspective is primarily regulative and pragmatic in its basic orientation, concerned with understanding community in a way which arise useful empirical knowledge. According to Figure 2, by Burrell and Morgan (1979), interpretative paradigm, which is also called as subjective-regulation, is the paradigm whether organizations exist in any real sense beyond the conceptions of social actors, so understanding must be based on the experience of people who work in them. Basically, individuals seek to explain the stability of behavior from the selective viewpoint. Interpretative also explain the behavior from the individuals viewpoint. It emphasized the spiritual nature of the world. The interpretative social theorist tends to understand the process through which shared multiples realities arise, are sustained and changed. Like the functionalist, the interpretative approach is based on the assumption and belief that there is an underlying pattern and order within the social world. However, the interpretative theorist looks the functionalists attempt to institute an objective social science as an unattainable end. Question (B): How this learning may be useful to you in the future? According to (Krech, Cruthfield and Ballachey, 1962), leadership draws as a personality trait. Leadership has traditionally been seen as a distinctly interpersonal phenomenon demonstrated in the interactions between leaders and subordinates. The differential characteristics and career experiences likely to influence the development of these selected skills also are considered along with the implications of these observations for leadership theory and for the career development of organizational leaders. Due to (Jeroen P.J. de Jong, and Deanne N. Den Hartog, 1990), the leadership abstracts purpose is to provide an inventory of leader behaviors likely to enhance employees innovative behavior, and including idea generation and application behavior. In order to be most effective, leaders in an organization must have a clear vision and understanding of the organizational structure. With the well observation of Organizational Behavior, individuals can built a good and high quality of leade rship throughout this selected observation. Individuals able to own a good personality traits, and known well with the own roles and responsibilities of a leader. Human beings encourage seeking satisfaction in every phase of their life. From satisfying their basic primal needs and wants, which is hunger, thirst, rest and social interaction, the complex community today has its benchmark of goals and fulfillment that should be accomplished by individuals. This selective set of fulfillment and goals encloses securing a good job, preferably with a good pay and hopefully, with a high level of job satisfaction. There is no fixed and formal guideline on how to overcome challenges at work into a motivation for individuals to reach job satisfaction, so that with the good practicing of Organizational Behavior, individuals are able to well handle the task pressure, and overcome the variety of challenges. Due to the research and learning of Organizational Behavior, individuals will be able to present and well-practiced a positive working attitude towards his own task and job responsibilities. This selected learning of Organizational Behavior helps individ ual to create self-awareness all the times. Individuals will be able to draw and execute his own action plan, and well known the current position of him, and be aware of where is the next position he is going to reach. CONCLUSION Organizational Behavior is the application of knowledge about how peoples, individuals, and groups act and react in an organization, in order to reach and accomplish the highest quality of performances, and dominant results. One way for an organization to become more innovative is to capitalize on its own employees to innovate. All organizations and groups experience the direct relationship between job satisfaction, and performance. In order to maximize the performance of those within a system, it is significant important to develop an optimal interpersonal chemistry. There is more evidence that the teaching and implementation of soft skills should get higher emphasis in education and organization training process, but it should only complement hard skills, not substitute for it.

Consecutive Numbers :: Papers

Consecutive Numbers Task 1 Problem 1 Write down 3 consecutive numbers. Square the middle one. Multiply the first and the third number. Compare the two numbers, what do you notice? Problem 2 ========= Write down two consecutive numbers. Square both of the numbers and find the difference between the squares. What do you notice? Problem 1 ========= I am going to investigate several sets of three consecutive numbers to see if the square of the middle is related to the product of the outer two numbers in any way. 9,10,11 10Â ²= 100 9x11= 99 3,4,5 I notice that the square of the middle number is always one more than the product of the other numbers. 4Â ²=16 3x5=15 18,19,20 19Â ²=361 18x20=360 1,2,3 2Â ²=4 1x3=3 30,31,32 31Â ²=961 30x32=960 1st Number 2nd Number 3rd Number 2nd number squared 1st number x 3rd number 9 10 11 100 99 3 4 5 16 15 18 19 20 361 360 1 2 3 4 3 30 31 32 961 960 I have put my results in a table so that they will be easier to analyse and compare. When you take three consecutive numbers, square the middle and multiply the outer two, the squared number will always be one more than the product of the outer two. If this rule is correct, then by using the three consecutive numbers: 101,102,103, I predict that 102Â ² will equal one more than 101x103. 101,102,103 102Â ²=10404 101x103= 10403 My prediction was correct as 102Â ², 10404, is one more than 101x103, 10403.

How the Sonnet Form is Associated with Love and Ardent Expression :: Sonnets Love God Essays

How the Sonnet Form is Associated with Love and Ardent Expression God’s Grandeur is a sonnet associated with the environment and obviously, God. It is an Italian petrarchan sonnet, where there is a noticeable split in the poem which makes up the octave and the sestet. The first four lines of the octave, describes a natural world through which God’s presence runs through like an electric current, becoming at times noticeable is flashes. A metaphor is used to emphasise God’s Grandeur as an electric force. Gerard Hopkins suggest that there is some kind of force not to our attention, which builds up a sort of tension which can be both positive or negative. God’s presence could also be described as a rich oil, which when tapped with a enduring pressure, builds up to a greatness. These comments are stated in the poem, ‘It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil’. It is clear to the reader from this point that the love being expressed here is very much towards God, his presence, and the natural world surrounding us. After the poet, Gerard Hopkins, suggests the fact of God’s presence in the world, he then asks the reader to ask themselves why humans fail to take note of God’s powerful authority. The word ‘rod’ in this poem represents God’s grand authority. The image of electricity also subtlety returns in the fourth line, where the ‘rod’ of God's punishments calls to mind the lightning rod in which excess electricity in the atmosphere will sometimes disappear. The stressed syllables in the fourth line also reinforce to the reader the question which is being asked here by Hopkins. For example, words such as ‘Crushed, why, not’ all contribute to the powerful rhythm, which helps put the question across more efficiently. This all contributes in helping the poet convey such a strong ardent expression, which is needed greatly in order for the full effect of the poem to show. In the next line, the strong, falling rhythm of ‘have trod, have trod, have trod,‘ recreates the sound of marching footsteps in emphatic onomatopoeia. The message here is of what man has done to the environment, God’s environment, by using it over the years for various means of transport. The onomatopoeia and alliteration here helps to put the message across because the tension increases by a large amount, resulting in a more exciting and powerful climax. The word ‘and’ is used often and the start of lines to compound something which is trying to be said. It helps put across the message more efficiently because the same word is being continuously ’drummed’ into the reader ’And all is seared†¦And wears man’s smudge’ etc.

Oh, What a Lovely Pair!

Another drop of sweat dropped down my forehead and off the end of my nose as my eyes moved vigorously behind my dark shades. â€Å"Oh what a lovely pair!† I thought to myself, however I seemed to have thought out loud rather than to myself. My curious wife, who was lying on her sun bed next to me queried: â€Å"A lovely pair of what?† â€Å"A lovely pair of sunglasses, they are great at keeping out the glare.† I was getting rather bored on his sunbathing outing to the beach, so I decided to take some money out of the wife's purse and head up towards the main town, where I could have a beverage and possibly a bite to eat. To get up towards the bars and restaurants I had to cross over a main and very busy road, there were always mopeds rushing by, not even giving you the slightest of chances to cross over. Even though there are plenty of zebra crossings throughout the resort's roads, I think that the locals just assume that the black and white stripes across the street are a nice decoration. Finally I managed to get to the other side of the mad obstacle. It would have been a good twenty-minute stroll up past some tacky old souvenir shops until I reached the exciting part of the holiday resort. Another drop of sweat dropped down my forehead and off the end of my nose as my eyes moved vigorously behind my dark shades. â€Å"Oh what a lovely pair†¦I'll have to get hold of them.† I thought to myself while looking in a shoe shop, at the young lady on the till. Unfortunately, I must have thought a little on the loud side. An elderly lady, who was stood behind my asked: â€Å"A lovely pair of what?† So I replied, â€Å"A lovely pair of moccasins, I'm sure they would keep out the rain, and not rub your feet the first time you wear them!† I continued with my trip, from the shops to the main shopping centre of the holiday resort. There were lots of clothes and designer gear in these shops; they were the upper class stores of the Spanish town. I fancied a new pair of trousers as the ones that I was wearing were a little on the small side and were beginning to go a little on the shiny side, a bit like the tradition of schoolboy's trousers, short and shiny. I started to browse each designer store, on my search for a new pair of nice looking trousers, within my tight price range of course. I certainly could not afford any of the clothes in these upper class shops; I come from a lower class household back home in England. I thought to myself, â€Å"I can't be dreaming about these clothes, I've got to look for a respectful charity shop such as Oxfam or even Scope.† But then I realised that we are in Spain here, not England. I was sure that in this foreign country they wouldn't know what I was on about if I asked directions for a charity shop! I decided that it would be a good idea to give the local bookshop a small visit to purchase a Spanish phrase book. So I headed towards the book shop, that wasn't too far away from where I was, just a couple of hundred yards away from the designer shops in this shopping mall. I arrived at the shop and noticed that it was closed for lunch, but it reopened within five minutes. So I went to buy a sandwich from across the way. I sat down on a relatively new bench that was situated right outside of the bookshop, munching away at the sandwich. I came across quite a few grizzly and rather chewy bits of ham, they were spat straight out. By the time I had finished eating what could have been eaten of the sandwich, the bookshop was open. I entered the shop and asked the sales assistant whether he sold phrase books. He spoke perfect English, so this task was not too much trouble for me at all. I followed the man to what seemed like an educational section of the shop. He picked up a phrase book off the shelf and gave it to me to have a look. I decided to buy the book I paid in cash. I exited the posh shopping mall and headed up towards the small, tacky old souvenir shops. I took the same route as earlier on. I came across a young man, who looked well educated; he was in a business suit with a lovely pair of trousers on. I was going to ask him where he bought his trousers, but then noticed what a silly thing that would be. I could have asked him where the nearest charity shop was, but he would have thought that I was a scruff or something, in the end I decided to just ask the man for the time. I was trying to pick someone out of the passing crowd who was normal looking, and not an over-paid businessman. After a good five minutes of searching I decided to approach an old lady, she was wearing some old and tatty clothes, to be honest, they looked as though they were bought from some kind of charity shop or car boot sale. So I caught eye contact with the lady and asked, â€Å"Hay una tienda caridad por aqui?† Which in English means, â€Å"is there a charity shop around here?† The lady replied, â€Å"Si, esta a la derecha† which means, â€Å"Yes, it's on the right.† So I looked to my right and there it was, a small charity shop, not up to as good as a standard as the ones home in England, but it still sold the same type of goods and proceedings went to a charity in the local area. As it was very hot outside, I dedicated myself to purchasing a pair of Hawaiian shorts rather than a nice pair of trousers. I tried them on in the fitting room, they were slightly loose and baggy, but this didn't bother me as I had heard my nephew talking about how good it is to have baggy shorts, I thought that these would pull the girls and would be a cool fashion accessory. I walked over, in a cool way to the counter; I looked in the mirror and said to myself â€Å"Wow baby, you look sexy in those!† I pointed to the phrase in my phrase book that translated to â€Å"How much?† and I was pretty much surprised at the cheapness of the garment, 250 pesetas, that is around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 in English money. I handed over the money and the lady gave me a used plastic bag to put my old trousers in. I exited the shop. As I started to walk up towards the bars and restaurants, in my cool stroll, I got the impression that people were pointing and laughing at me. I soon realised that there was one huge draft coming in from the rear end of my new shorts, there was a great big hole in the back of them. No wonder they were so cheap! I started to go excessively red in the cheeks, I felt like curling up into a small ball and going into none-existence. Looking for a public toilet, the draft was becoming increasingly gusty. I found a nice little local cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, so I thought that I would give the toilet a bit of custom, while I made a quick change of pants. The bar was full of locals; they greeted me in a warm fashion, until I walked past them, towards the toilet. The whole place just burst out with laughter. Not pleased with the fact that people could humiliate me in such a way, I locked the door behind me and got changed as soon as possible. Another drop of sweat dripped down my forehead and off the end of my nose as my eyes moved vigorously behind my dark shades. â€Å"Oh what a lovely pair!† I celebrated at the top of my voice. I had learnt my lesson the hard way, â€Å"Don't buy items from foreign charity shops ever, ever again, at least if you don't want to be ripped off. I ran out of the local cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and headed towards some English bars. I ordered a large Scotch. After my session in the bar, I flagged down a taxi from the main road and took a ride back to the beach. There was my angry wife, she had the properties of a raging bull, and some Germans had stolen our sun beds by draping their towels over them while she was bathing. â€Å"Where have you been? I've been worried out of my mind.† My curious, hag of a wife asked. So I looked at her with a frustrated expression on my face. I produced the dodgy pair of shorts from the used plastic bag that the lady in the shop had given to me. My wife asked, â€Å"What is wrong with those? They look fine to me.† â€Å"What? I asked furiously. â€Å"These shorts have me more bother in the last couple of hours than you have since our marriage, it is unbelievable.† My wife still couldn't see the ‘slight' imperfection in the garment, so I decided to point it out to her. â€Å"Now do you see what is wrong with them?† The look on her face was outstanding, I wish I had my two for the price of one disposable camera with me; it would have made a great picture for her fiftieth birthday in the local newspaper. We both laughed together, she still brings that point up now, twenty years on. I should never have stayed with this woman; I should have approached the babe on the beach earlier on, or even the stunner in the shoe shop for that matter! Another drop of sweat dripped down my forehead and off the end of my nose as my eyes moved vigorously behind my dark shades†¦

Founding Fathers Of Sociology

Sociology can be defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior. It tries to acquire knowledge about society, and about how the humans making up these societies interact with each other. Auguste Comte was the first true father of sociology. He was the person who coined the term â€Å"sociology†. Other sociologist who can also be called the founding fathers of sociology include Weber, Marx, Engels and Durkheim. In this essay I will be looking at where these sociologists came from and the theories they came up with.Auguste Comte was a French social thinker and was the first person who coined the term â€Å"sociology†. He wanted to establish a science of society as a new discipline. He modeled sociological study around natural science and wanted to discover the laws of society. He aimed to study society through Social statics, which is the study of order and stability and Social dynamics, which is the study of social change. He wants to answer the question o f how one plans for change. One should think about in advance where you want to go and how to get there from here.One should be future oriented and goal oriented, achieving goals by optimal means. Social planning is designed to enhance social functioning by either changing the structural relations among people or providing a tangible support than enables an individual to cope with or overcome a social problem. It is necessary to plan in order to reduce uncertainty and enhance accountability. It also increases the potential for participation. Comte says that the process of change involves three stages; The future state, where the change has occurred.The present state, this is where we are in relation to where we want to get to and it is the period of planning and initiating the desired change. The last stage is the transition state, and asks the question of how we get from where we are to where we want to be. Comte’s idea for sociological study was based on the concept that so cieties evolve through three intellectual stages. These are the Theological stage, which involves the belief in the supernatural, the metaphysical stage, which is the transition stage and the positivistic stage which involves scientific thinking.After the third stage is reached, true understanding of the working of society becomes possible. Social disorder such as crime would be diminished and eventually stop when society’s cogs and wheels are established. Another founding father of sociology is Max Weber. He was a German sociologist. His central focus was on the process of rationalization. He has a middle class protestant background. He defined sociology as the scientific study of human action. Social action is human conduct oriented toward others and based on social meaning given to that conduct.It involves other human beings and is based on intentions and ideas of individuals. It must understand the subjective meaning behind people’s actions and this makes sociology fundamentally different from natural sciences. Weber calls such understanding â€Å"verstehen†, which is the investigator’s attempt to understand human action by viewing the cause of the action through the actor’s eyes rather than his own. The theory became known as Interactionism. Weber focuses on social actions of individuals and says that society cannot think or act, only individuals can.There is an opposition to positivism. The subject matter of sociology is unique and it cannot be studied with principles/methods of natural sciences. It requires verstehen. Another founding father is Karl Marx. He was born on May 5, 1818 in the German city of Trier. His family was Jewish, but he later converted to Protestantism in 1824 in order to avoid anti-Semitic laws and persecution. Marx was forced to go to London in 1849, but he did not work alone. He had help of Friedrich Engels who had on his own developed a very similar theory of economic determinism.Although the id eas later acquired the term â€Å"Marxism†, it must always be remembered that Marx did not come up with them entirely on his own. Engels was also important for Marx in a financial sense. Poverty weighed heavily on Marx and his family. Karl Marx focuses on conflict and inequality. Conflict is a fact of life in society. There is conflict between various social groups derived from a conflict of interest which brings inequality. Power and resources are unevenly distributed in society. Such inequality is maintained by naked coercion or manipulation of norms and values. Marx was interested in a particular type of conflict.This was class conflict or conflict between classes. He says, â€Å" The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle†. Production is a key concept in Marxism. It is the production of material goods and services in society and is the most important human activity. Production is carried out in the context of cooperation between h uman beings. Out of productive activity, human beings organize themselves, establish relations with each other and form a society. Thus change through improves technology of production also implies a change in social relations.Processes of production have given rise to inequality between human beings because production has been carried out by means of exploitation of the majority of the population by a few. Classes are social units based on their relation to the means of production. The means used to produce goods and services example: land, factories, tools, machinery, raw materials etc. The dominant class are the minority who own means of production and the subordinate class are the majority who don’t. Production is carried out by exploitation of one class by the other and this leads to class conflict.Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat. All societies go through stages in history and are destined to reach the communist stage. The communist mode only is not based on class exploitatio n. Communism realizes classless society where no one dominates one another. Marx’s dichotomy of society. Society is divided into two levels: The base/infrastructure (economic) and the superstructure (non-economic sphere). According to Marx the superstructure plays significant role in society. Example: the state. Common view: The state is neutral institution representing the interest of all citizens and society as a whole.Marx’s view: the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole â€Å"bourgeoisie† (the owners of production). Example: The state. The interest of the state coincide with those of the dominant class. Apparatuses of the state are used to protect capitalists’ interests against worker’s rebellion. There is a contrast with Durkheim. Durkheim says that norms and values of society produce social integration and harmony (social solidarity). Marx says that these norms and values are ideologies which suppress people’s opposition and resistance (which may look like harmony or consensus to Durkheim). Founding Fathers of Sociology Sociology can be defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior. It tries to acquire knowledge about society, and about how the humans making up these societies interact with each other. Auguste Comte was the first true father of sociology. He was the person who coined the term â€Å"sociology†. Other sociologist who can also be called the founding fathers of sociology include Weber, Marx, Engels and Durkheim. In this essay I will be looking at where these sociologists came from and the theories they came up with.Auguste Comte was a French social thinker and was the first person who coined the term â€Å"sociology†. He wanted to establish a science of society as a new discipline. He modeled sociological study around natural science and wanted to discover the laws of society. He aimed to study society through Social statics, which is the study of order and stability and Social dynamics, which is the study of social change. He wants to answer the question o f how one plans for change. One should think about in advance where you want to go and how to get there from here.One should be future oriented and goal oriented, achieving goals by optimal means. Social planning is designed to enhance social functioning by either changing the structural relations among people or providing a tangible support than enables an individual to cope with or overcome a social problem. It is necessary to plan in order to reduce uncertainty and enhance accountability. It also increases the potential for participation. Comte says that the process of change involves three stages; The future state, where the change has occurred.The present state, this is where we are in relation to where we want to get to and it is the period of planning and initiating the desired change. The last stage is the transition state, and asks the question of how we get from where we are to where we want to be. Comte’s idea for sociological study was based on the concept that so cieties evolve through three intellectual stages. These are the Theological stage, which involves the belief in the supernatural, the metaphysical stage, which is the transition stage and the positivistic stage which involves scientific thinking.After the third stage is reached, true understanding of the working of society becomes possible. Social disorder such as crime would be diminished and eventually stop when society’s cogs and wheels are established. Another founding father of sociology is Max Weber. He was a German sociologist. His central focus was on the process of rationalization. He has a middle class protestant background. He defined sociology as the scientific study of human action. Social action is human conduct oriented toward others and based on social meaning given to that conduct.It involves other human beings and is based on intentions and ideas of individuals. It must understand the subjective meaning behind people’s actions and this makes sociology fundamentally different from natural sciences. Weber calls such understanding â€Å"verstehen†, which is the investigator’s attempt to understand human action by viewing the cause of the action through the actor’s eyes rather than his own. The theory became known as Interactionism. Weber focuses on social actions of individuals and says that society cannot think or act, only individuals can.There is an opposition to positivism. The subject matter of sociology is unique and it cannot be studied with principles/methods of natural sciences. It requires verstehen. Another founding father is Karl Marx. He was born on May 5, 1818 in the German city of Trier. His family was Jewish, but he later converted to Protestantism in 1824 in order to avoid anti-Semitic laws and persecution. Marx was forced to go to London in 1849, but he did not work alone. He had help of Friedrich Engels who had on his own developed a very similar theory of economic determinism.Although the id eas later acquired the term â€Å"Marxism†, it must always be remembered that Marx did not come up with them entirely on his own. Engels was also important for Marx in a financial sense. Poverty weighed heavily on Marx and his family. Karl Marx focuses on conflict and inequality. Conflict is a fact of life in society. There is conflict between various social groups derived from a conflict of interest which brings inequality. Power and resources are unevenly distributed in society. Such inequality is maintained by naked coercion or manipulation of norms and values. Marx was interested in a particular type of conflict.This was class conflict or conflict between classes. He says, â€Å" The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle†. Production is a key concept in Marxism. It is the production of material goods and services in society and is the most important human activity. Production is carried out in the context of cooperation between h uman beings. Out of productive activity, human beings organize themselves, establish relations with each other and form a society. Thus change through improves technology of production also implies a change in social relations.Processes of production have given rise to inequality between human beings because production has been carried out by means of exploitation of the majority of the population by a few. Classes are social units based on their relation to the means of production. The means used to produce goods and services example: land, factories, tools, machinery, raw materials etc. The dominant class are the minority who own means of production and the subordinate class are the majority who don’t. Production is carried out by exploitation of one class by the other and this leads to class conflict.Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat. All societies go through stages in history and are destined to reach the communist stage. The communist mode only is not based on class exploitatio n. Communism realizes classless society where no one dominates one another. Marx’s dichotomy of society. Society is divided into two levels: The base/infrastructure (economic) and the superstructure (non-economic sphere). According to Marx the superstructure plays significant role in society. Example: the state. Common view: The state is neutral institution representing the interest of all citizens and society as a whole.Marx’s view: the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole â€Å"bourgeoisie† (the owners of production). Example: The state. The interest of the state coincide with those of the dominant class. Apparatuses of the state are used to protect capitalists’ interests against worker’s rebellion. There is a contrast with Durkheim. Durkheim says that norms and values of society produce social integration and harmony (social solidarity). Marx says that these norms and values are ideologies which suppress people’s opposition and resistance (which may look like harmony or consensus to Durkheim).